Climate change
Thematic unit:
Climate Justice: women in climate change adaptation and mitigation and disaster risk management
Course goals:
Understand and value the role of women in climate change adaptation and mitigation actions and disaster risk management.
Presentation of the module
What is climate change? What kind of risks exist? How does it impact our territories? Recognition mapping for each territory. Mapping of responsible actors and identification of the role of women: Does it affect the daily activities of rural and indigenous women? What kind of changes do we observe? What are the international recommendations on the subject?
Download the documents of session I
Download the documents of session II
From EFAC and its members we understand that climate change is a natural phenomenon, which originates from the toxic emissions that humanity generates in its activities, causing global warming of the earth and with them changes in the climate. The various extreme climatic events promoted by climate change such as droughts, heat waves, floods, among others, bring numerous consequences for life on earth. Regarding the human species, it affects men and women differently.
Women bear the brunt of the consequences of this phenomenon, since we are the ones who work closest to the natural resources that are strongly affected by climate change. Due to the traditional gender roles that are socially assigned to us, we are the ones in charge of care tasks and ensuring access to water, gathering firewood, practicing agriculture and livestock in communities and our families. In addition to social and cultural inequalities, women are often deprived of access to information about climate change and participation in decision-making processes. At the same time, we are also the ones who recover ancestral knowledge and implement strategies in our territories and communities to adapt to climate change and/or mitigate its effects.
Faced with this context and panorama, the female members of EFAC met to collectively reflect on the following points and questions:
- Building a shared definition of climate change
- What are the historical conditions that caused climate change?
- What actors intervene in its process?
- Why does it affect women and their diverse realities differently?
- How is climate change affecting their territories?
- What are the main threats and risks they experience?
- What strategies do they develop to confront it?
What is climate change?
Collectively defining climate change
“We hear a lot about climate change, it is not easy to have a definition, we do not dare to talk about it because we do not know if what we think is what is really defined”
Possible definitions
From Bolivia:
“In simple words, climate change is the variation of the world climate that was going to happen (it happened before), but the actions of man make it accelerate: pollution, mobility, garbage, biomass, deforestation. So these environmental deteriorations added to what was going to happen naturally is what happens, and there are two scenarios that we have today: 1. Either we ADAPT or 2. We help MITIGATE it or what do we do?”
“Climate change, understood as the loss of control of temperature due to pollution caused by man”
From Mexico:
“Climate change is due to this mechanized and industrialized way of life that is leading nature to this climate imbalance without limits. Adaptation measures, agroecology, eco-technologies, the social solidarity economy.”
Climate Change is one of the main challenges facing humanity. The United Nations Convention on Climate Change defines it as “a change in the climate, directly or indirectly attributable to human activity, which alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which adds to the natural climate variability observed during comparable periods of time.”
Its direct effects include rising sea levels, ocean acidification due to the absorption of CO2, air pollution, heat waves, droughts, floods, and geographic redistribution of pests and diseases. Some of its indirect effects are greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a product of human activity that constitute one of the main factors causing climate change, retaining heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, which generates global warming. Currently, fossil fuels that emit GHG continue to be the main source of energy, with women bearing the burden of energy poverty unequally, and even today 3 billion people still cook and heat their homes with solid fuels. Worldwide, these emissions have reached unprecedented levels and are intensifying over time, directly impacting the Earth’s temperature: Arctic winter temperatures have increased by 3°C since 1990.
Climate change not only puts the survival of numerous species at risk but also human life. Between 2030 and 2050, 250,000 additional climate-related deaths are expected each year, as a result of malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea and heat stress. Specifically in rural areas, climate change has an aggressive impact, altering temperatures and precipitation, and intensifying extreme weather events. In addition, we find deforestation, contamination of basins and rivers, and an accelerated increase in extractive activities, which define a context of risk and vulnerability, where women and children are the most affected.
Effects of climate change on the territories and actors involved
Let’s look at some contributions:
EFFECTS | ACTORS | |
Bolivia | “Nos está afectando mucho, a nosotros en la comunidad se nos ha secado el lago POOPÓ, ya no tenemos flamenco, ni el pejerrey. está seco. Esperamos que quiera la madre tierra regresar el agua al lago POOPÓ, porque las comunidades en la rivera estamos sufriendo sin agua. No tenemos agua, no hay riego”
“It is affecting us a lot, in our community Lake POOPÓ has dried up, we no longer have flamingo, nor the silverside. It is dry. We hope that Mother Earth wants to return the water to Lake POOPÓ, because the communities on the riverbank are suffering without water. We have no water, there is no irrigation” “Ancestral communities like the Uros Chupaes who lived from hunting and fishing are now migrating to all places: to Oruro, Argentina Chile, but they are country people who have not left their community and do not know what to do in the cities, these situations make us women very sad. They have had to transform their livelihoods, some sell leftover totora crafts, make key chains, little boats. Sometimes, people from the city don’t appreciate these crafts very much, so they reach out and ask for alms, that’s very sad.” “We are very sad in Oruro because of this situation, hopefully the RAMSEN commission that will evaluate the situation of the lakes, will give us solutions, and God willing, Pachamama wants to fill Lake POOPÓ again” “The drought of Lake POOPO, to that has contributed the diversion of the rivers Mauri and Desaguadero, also has contributed the contamination of the mining companies, the San Juan de Dios river, is contaminated with heavy minerals and that affected the CC and the drought of the lake. “Before there was a cold season from June to August, and the wind from August to September, but now any day, at any time it is cold, it snows, we cannot follow the agricultural calendar as before and that is very sad for the indigenous people, we do not even know when to sow and that worries us” |
Mining Companies
RAMSAR Commission Government Municipality NGOs Communities |
“One effect of climate change is the fires, which have affected in this case the Chiquitania, indigenous women have been the most affected, we talked with them and they told us about the experience that the fires have caused the loss of their crops and their animals” | ||
“In Entre Ríos Tarija this climate change is having a great impact, a lot of drought, all production is affected, especially our vegetables” | ||
“Unfortunately the seasons are harder, the winter is colder, the rainy seasons are very torrential and the droughts in the Chaco are very very strong, the hail It is harmful, it rains for weeks in the countryside, in the city it is also affected, but more in the countryside, it rained for weeks in the city and in the countryside there was drought | ||
“It has affected us, for example, because we base ourselves on observations of nature to see the times to sow, from ancestral knowledge, that is how we see the animals, the moon, the earth, but climate change also confuses animals. A week ago we sowed in my community and 2 days ago there was a very strong hail and what we sowed was destroyed, that is double work, and now we are trying to fix and work twice as hard to see how we can fix it and so we are all affected.”
“It affects us all, the children, the women and the men too, although they don’t worry much. These days, we don’t have water in our community and it affects us a lot, there’s nothing to plant, so we have to harvest the water and it confuses us, that’s what I wanted to share.” |
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Nicaragua | “We consider that there are quite a few changes in the communities, monocultures have increased, and for example we only had sugar cane and rice and now bananas grow and that production affects the water, since the slaughterhouse consumes 50% of the water that the general population consumes. and another issue is deforestation, and what causes droughts and floods, and the use of agrochemicals” | |
Honduras | “For us, the storm surges and the dryness have been quite a lot, and here we are also affected by the floods in the winters”
“We live in communities affected by floods, year after year we suffer evictions because of the waters, we have to look for where we can be in October, praying that this does not happen” “In Honduras, there are massive groups that emigrate to other countries, including the United States, Spain, among other countries, due to the lack of life, there is no security, health, education, this situation is very difficult. The government has formed groups that call it a better life, it is only for their people their political color” “The consequences of climate change directly affect us farmers due to the imbalance that this has generated in the natural environment, due to prolonged summers and erratic rains, which puts production and people’s health at risk, and even the loss of flora and fauna.” |
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Ecuador | “We are feeling it in the varied and abrupt climate affecting flowering and thus losing a large percentage of the fruits. |
The differential impact of climate change on women
Women bear the brunt of the consequences of climate change, facing the worst environmental stresses and their effects. Climate-induced disasters reproduce gender inequalities. In many developing countries, women and girls are often responsible for transporting water, collected fuel and food supplies. Droughts can destroy crops, land, flora and fauna, exacerbate food shortages and worsen the situation of women and girls.
Some of the companions explained specifically how and why climate change affects women differently.
Bolivia | “Women are the ones who feel the impact of this drought in the Lake most, climate change, it is sad to live in this area of Oruro. I have a pain to express and I don’t know how to do it, and the government doesn’t pay attention to these communities either, we are helpless, and it affects women much more”
“For indigenous women it has been an overload of work since we don’t have water, we have had to emigrate to the city, and that is very sad, before we got married we fished, we lived from hunting and fishing and now they are migrating to different countries, some with more or less luck, but some have to beg, that is also an effect of climate change” “Specifically to women, we are harmed by extractivism, and RENAMAT has identified environmental violence against women, the right to life, to work, to the economy, to education, to land and territory, which pollution has deprived us of, is violated” “Do you know why we say that women are more affected because we are overloaded with work, we have to look for water for our families, and our livestock and we have to rent land for the animals and take them, then we are the first to be affected, we touch the water, women are the target of everything, and when the mining companies come there are foreigners and harass women, and there are rapes that go unpunished, we women are always left in the middle of this climate change, and how our governments are extractivist and capitalist they are complicit in the damage that companies do in our territories, and so cell phones are manufactured with mining companies, and we are all involved there, that is why I want to ask you not to be so consumerist, not to have 3 cell phones, 2 laptops, because the powers at the COP have already been asked to lower greenhouse gas emissions and they said no, rather they preferred to reforest, but how long will that take, urgent measures must be taken, and governments take false solutions. They offer false solutions, we are the most affected by being in charge of our houses and our lands, and sometimes the men leave, and we are left in charge of the CC, the issue of mega mining is violating our rights.” “Because of the fires, without the men’s jobs, women have felt forced to look for other jobs. In addition, the leaders have been violated, this whole situation burdens them with their family issues, and obviously because of the system we live in, men accuse them of abandoning the home, and the issue of the TIPNIS highway is a very strong issue in the Amazon, the construction companies, the companies, come to violate women and destroy the forest and in the end we are the most affected” “Because we carry the babies, we are concerned about the care of everyone, even the animals, the gaps of inequality between men and women, in this case the tasks of care, grow before the CC and so we do a lot and we are not politically positioned, and there is little listening to women and thus we will continue to be affected, since education differentiates us and so many issues are more marked in this” |
Nicaragua | “The effects on women. They have to carry water. At a greater distance. They have to go outside to look for work and they leave the children with sisters. Older ones” |
Strategies
Despite this bleak outlook, women environmental defenders can weave strategies from our territories to mitigate (reduce and limit greenhouse gas emissions) and develop adaptation strategies aimed at reducing vulnerability to the effects of climate change.
The women shared what strategies they are promoting from their organizations, communities and territories. They also proposed other lines of action that they would like to promote collectively.
Honduras | “Here in my municipality, ACES, we manage a project for climate change and I am a field facilitator, and according to that, we have achieved a consultancy for non-mining, that point is quite important, and we have support from the local municipality, and we have the grassroots communities, who work for the afforestation of the micro-basins, and also for the Creole xxx reserve and traditional planting practices using organic fertilizers and natural insecticides. In my municipality there are two NGOs focused on promoting and raising awareness among the population to take mitigation measures”
“We have been on the subject of CC to face the effects it inflicts on us, and in the gardens, training in CC, gardens and reforestation, and how to take care of the mangroves, betting on mitigations, reforestation and restoration, that is what we work on with our colleague Mirna, and how to face CC, that has harmed us in how it destroys and contaminates us, not only in Honduras, it is a global problem” “We work in family gardens, in the planting of mollusks, since here in the gulf the problem of chemicals causes that to be lost, there was also an order on no tableware in the municipality, with the turtle ban, but it was not approved, we are working on that. We are fighting so that more women can work with the same objective” |
Nicaragua | “I wanted to share the experience of Nicaragua, of the department of Granada, from the experience of women that we have measured over time and compared 10 years to date. In small areas that women can manage, we have reforested, and mitigated with climate solutions, we read the law of food sovereignty and biological diversity that are very important to make known and put these issues into discussion, since we work from agriculture and that is what we want to make known.”
“Adaptation and crop diversification measures. Rescuing our ancestral seeds, medicinal plants, taking care of water sources” |
Bolivia | “And we are reforesting water sources so that water sources do not dry up, without water there is no life anywhere, that is the issue we work on, it is sad to see how the lake dries up, which had a diversity of fish, birds, etc., that is what the CC did”
“We have decided to make urban gardens and bring the countryside to the city, as a result of that came the idea of making worm composters, there is also the idea of urban apiaries, and we have not developed that very much but we want to learn more” “It is also important to make ourselves heard, and not just be satisfied and make the garden and that’s it, but to make ourselves heard, and support groups and movements that fight for some things, without violence but supporting each other and giving more voice to the problems we have in the communities, and to make an environmental network, that works like the networks of violence” |
Argentina | “In the Puna Jujeña, we know that we have a drought every year, and in Cangrejillo we have water from the Ojo de Agua and we want to defend it, take care of it and prevent it from drying out. We also reforested trees with the secondary school and from the school we did a project “Planting trees” that won a presidential award, and that was 10 years ago. Today it looks more humid and more fertile and that is something that counteracts and improves the community, and our ancestors left us that legacy and we do not want mega mining companies.” Shared strategies “We are also fighting to stop some things, such as extractivism, fighting against extractivism, consumerism and not forgetting that we also have to demand, so that governments also demand and that we are not the ones who cause climate change. Also the issue of political participation, and having a voice that asks for changes” |
Estrategias compartidas | “También estamos luchando para frenar algunas cosas, como el extractivismos, luchar contra el extractivismo, el consumismo y no olvidar que también tenemos que exigir, para que los gobiernos exijan también y que no somos nosotras quienes provocamos el cambio climático. También el tema de la participación política, y tiene una voz que pida los cambios” |
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